Areas That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Essay

Territories That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Its Sales and Revenue - Essay Example This paper shows that Shell Oil Company is a US-based firm which has been in activities for quite a long time. Throughout the years, the organization has had the option to fortify its money related position. In any case, in the previous multi decade, the organization has lost an edge of its piece of the overall industry to the new participants in the market. This paper will give an inside and out understanding of regions that the organization needs to concentrate on so as to expand its deals and income. Being a worldwide organization, Shell is confronting firm punishments and charges from worldwide bodies. For example, the EU and UN have sanctioned exacting laws to control carbon emanation. This has constrained Shell to settle government pressure through contribution motivators, for example, improvement of the economies in the nations where the firm works. It has been discovered that oil can be utilized to check the financial improvement of the nation. Be that as it may, because of t he expanding interest for the item particularly in the United States, the oil organizations have attempted to utilize their impact to win support from the individual governments. Notwithstanding, the administrations have kept up their positions particularly due to the natural issues related with oil organizations. In the previous five years, Shell has attempted to get draw in with Climate Action Partnership trying to improve its notoriety. Be that as it may, the administration has kept up its solid situation against the organization. Furthermore, the Congress has expressed that the legislature can't bargain the earth so as to improve the economy. In this way, the world of politics over the world has been solid against the firm in light of the fact that each administration is attempting to do its part so as to diminish the expanding levels of an Earth-wide temperature boost. Along these lines, political pioneers are driving their administrations further so as to harden the current st andards and guidelines.

Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A Essay

Natural property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. An examination on the vegetation - Essay Example Natural property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. An examination on the vegetation The organization of these timberlands is controlled by the Directorate General of Forest preservation and backwoods insurance. It is arranged along the north, south and focal piece of the equator close by the Bukit Barisan mountain go. These three territories have a much characterized sort of widely varied vegetation, showing a ton of decent variety in their sythesis. Generally speaking, these zones can be viewed as a hotbed for natural decent variety. Be that as it may, the temperature can be supposed to be warm as a rule with higher temperatures, higher precipitation being experienced for nine months of the year in the wetter parts and seven months in the drier regions (Marshall et al., 2010). This has additionally been one of the contributing elements in the higher assortment of the species. The stickiness can likewise be featured, as it will in general keep up a steady estimation of near 60 percent, particularly over the heights of 1,700 meters. In general, the temperature shows a consistency of being around 20-28 degree Celsius consistently (68 to 83 Fahrenheit). The Indonesian archipelago involves 10 percent of the number of inhabitants in blooming plants and Sumatra is a piece of the Sundaland hotspot. It has perhaps the biggest rainforest in Southeast Asia, positioning along any semblance of Borneo and Papua New Guinea (Thornton, 1997). The quantity of types of plants that occupy this district is faltering. Very nearly 10,000 types of plants are available in these woods that go from beach front to sub-snow capped conditions. It presents an uncommon open door for tree huggers; as such a differing set of vegetation is hard to spot in some other piece of the world. The constituent vegetation However, this greenery is principally partaken in its constitution and structure with the district involving west of Malisia spreading over from the south of Thailand to the islands of New Guinea. In particular, the northern locale of Lake Toba has an exceptionally unm istakable Sumatran greenery which is to a great extent montane and sub-snow capped sort of vegetation (Thornton, 1997). This zone has 12 percent of the species and around 17 percent of species which are endemic in structure. All the species are very rich, and the number aggregates near 4,000. There are significant contrasts between the good country and the swamp vegetation in these zones, and furthermore among the north and south because of the nearness of normal obstructions. One of the unmistakable highlights in the recreation center is the nearness of phyto-geographic areas, which change as indicated by the elevation. The tropical conditions are existent up to the rise of 1,000 meters. In that, around 300 meters of the vegetation contains the beach front timberland and other swamp assortments, 29 percent is the lower region woodland from the rise levels of 400 meters to 1, 300 meters, near 31 percent is montane in the rises of 1,000 to 1,500 meters; which is amazingly rich in Fag aceaeâ and Lauraceae (Whitten, Damanik , Jazanul and Nazzaruddin , 2010)â . The lower 15 percent of those heights are wealthy in greeneries, rattans and palms, while the upper 20 percent is having corrosive adoring plants as basal constituents. The rest of subalpine backwoods and ericoid scours structure a height of 2,400 meters to 3,400 meters. Around 91 of the types of verdure have been

[Guest Post] How to Revise a Paper in 5 Easy Steps

[Guest Post] How to Revise a Paper in 5 Easy Steps This is a post by my good friend Claire, shes an insanely amazing human being who has dreamt of being an admissions blogger since August 2016. Today Claire has achieved her dream and is goin to share this accomplishment with everyone she knows, her mom in particular. Check out her paper-writing, published-researcher becoming saga below: As a general disclaimer, I don’t think paper revisions should be like this. In fact, it should probably not be like this. But when you combine a major revision deadline of 4 weeks and an MIT undergrad in the midst of classes, clubs, internships, and a generally messy existence, then things go haywire and unpredictable, as things usually tend to do here. Here’s the unfolding of my research, from an organized beginning to a furious blur at the end. Step 1: Avoid rejection! It had been around two months since my supervisor and I submitted my manuscript [1]   related to our project on protein structure prediction when I got an email. I remember sitting at my desk in the Google Cambridge office in the late afternoon almost everyone except my host and me had left the office, so I was sitting back in my chair, scrolling through my email when I saw the subject line “Decision made for ….’ flash in my notifications. “Nope,” I thought to myself as I flicked it away â€" I had been rejected for a number of opportunities earlier that week, so I wasn’t in the mood for another set of bad news. “No rejection today,” I thought. “We reject rejection.” 1 hour later, I got two more emails from my supervisor’s OneDrive account with the manuscript document she submitted, along with a forwarded email with some comments. “Not a rejection!” quickly became my life motto as we hit step 2 addressing the peer reviewers. Step 2 â€" Address the reviewers: approach with time management in mind. Journals (or at least this one) always want you to resubmit within four weeks after addressing peer reviewer[2] comments, so things really moved quickly. Within two days, I found myself in a conference room at the office on the phone with my supervisor, staring at the 20 points that the reviewers brought up on my screen. Some were easy typos to resolve, but some of them were more involved one comment in particular called one of my figures “an overload of information that makes my brain hurt when trying to interpret them.” My supervisor chuckled when she read that, and I nodded in agreement. Unfortunately, this round of revisions also hit during a very inconvenient time in my life I was right in the last week of my internship, which was me scrambling to finish my summer project and making slides it at midnight, right after which, I had planned for two weeks to visit family in Asia, where I’d have limited Internet connectivity. The fourth week of the revision period would coincide with the first week of classes, which is always filled with thousands of meetings, hours of unpacking, and general chaos. The first week of this four week period I had spent finishing up internship stuff and packing and moving from summer housing in Random to fall housing in McCormick (a sweat-driven Tuesday morning haul), so my grind didn’t start until week 2, where I started off with a 14 hour sprint on an international flight to finish as much as I could without Internet. I wouldn’t have been surprised if after the tenth hour, where everyone was passed out and the lights were out, that the flight attendants were concerned about me. Regardless, by the end of it when the lights came back on, I must’ve looked like one of those people who wander out of the stud at 6am after pulling an all nighter during finals week. [have been there, have done that] I finished up the first draft of revisions by the end of Week 2 in Taiwan, powered by my parents’ mobile hotspot while seeking solace from the summer heat. By the time my supervisor got back to me, it was nearing the middle of Week 3, and I was on my way to Japan to relax for a few days before returning to campus. I briefly looked at the changes and made a few notes to myself before shutting my laptop and boarding the flight. Step 3: Remain calm when things go wrong. This is where tragedy strikes. The part in the story where everything suddenly unfolds and the main character finds themselves in an unpredictable predicament. The incoming tsunami over the horizon.  The point where the reader feels that pit of dread drop in their stomach as things get worse and worse and worse, but also that comforting cloud of relief as they emerge back into reality thinking, “Wow, thank GOD that’s not me.” I was on my way back to the States near the end of week 3 after a few days in Japan, feeling refreshed and ready for the semester. The night before my flight, I flipped open my laptop to work for an hour or so. I watched the power button flicker on and off. Funny, I thought, as I tried it again. My fan ran intensely for five seconds before the light flickered off again. I started to panic. I tried turning my laptop on another ten times, each resulting in the power button lighting up for a few seconds and dimming again. I ran to the outlet, thinking maybe my laptop had drained its power while on sleep the past few days, but nothing helped. I sat and stared at the wall. My mom asked quietly if I was ok. I nodded slowly, in a silent, but furious panic. All my data, figures, and code were stuck on my laptop that refused to turn on, and I had a week left to make the revisions happen. My Google search did nothing to dissuade my increasing heart rate as phrases like “fried motherboard” and “major hardware problem” flashed on my phone screen. A bead of sweat dripped down the side of my face as I formulated a desperate plan. Step 4: Send some emails. Make some calls. Hack some computers (not really). The day I arrived back in the US, I sent an email to IST requesting an emergency loaner laptop, which I wouldn’t receive until three days later because of Labor Day weekend. I prayed that Crashplan was magically backing up my computer even though I hadn’t opened it or updated it in nearly two years. I read online that it was now called Code42, which a) I hadn’t even known was a thing, b) might not necessarily be compatible with older versions of Crashplan, and c) might not even have been accessible because I didn’t remember making an account. My stress level increased, ever so slightly. My existence depended on my code still being retrievable from my very, very dead laptop. After sending the email, I searched on Yelp for emergency PC services to revive my old laptop. A few places in Boston popped up, but none had stellar reviews the one that had five stars on Yelp was all the way out in Brookline. (Out further than Fenway?? UNIMAGINABLE) How desperate was I? Desperate enough to call the owner and ask for a Saturday appointment, and then trek out on the Green Line far enough that I started seeing more trees than buildings. I dropped off my laptop and explained what was wrong with it, trying to convey my college student level panic in my voice. The owner quickly took the computer in, wrote a few notes on a post-it, and sent me off.[3] Adding to the running around, in order to retrieve the simulation trajectories that we had to rerun for a few additional experiments, I had to go into my group’s lab on Labor Day and find the workstation that had the simulation trajectory files. The workstation IP address had changed since the last time I had accessed it, so I couldn’t ssh[4] into it. Walking into the lab, I desperately hoped that the workstation was still where it was when I had last physically worked in the lab (more than nine months ago). It luckily was I quickly typed in the username and password and hit “Log in”. “Password incorrect”, the screen read. I tried again and got the same screen. I cursed silently and looked around, hoping no one was there to witness me guessing random permutations of the old password. Finally on my sixteenth guess, the screen unlocked. The new UROP’s directory from the summer was still open on the workstation, so I minimized the window and opened my own folder. The files were still where I expected them to be, and I uploaded everything to Dropbox so I could access them on my loaner laptop. I exhaled, relieved I was able to guess my way into the system. After writing down the new login info, I left, shooting my supervisor a quick email: At exactly 9am the first day of Week 4, I dashed into IST and claimed my loaner laptop, a Dell, much like the one that crashed on me. I spent hours redownloading software, all my simulations from Dropbox, and most of my code from the cloud. (thank GOD for Crashplan. I owe my life to them). My supervisor had just emailed me asking to meet over Skype so we could coordinate a final document of revisions for approval from the PI, which gave me around 48 hours to accumulate all the new figures and revisions. But after coming this far, I was delirious with blind confidence that I would be able to finish everything by her deadline, which was 4pm Thursday of the first week of classes, right before her flight. Sitting in the EECS lounge, making sure everything was perfect, I made it by the skin of my teeth and sent my supervisor the final changes at 3:53pm. “Right on time!” she replied. Step 5: Hope for the best!  After our PI approved the changes, we sent back the final manuscript to the journal and hoped for the best. My senior year started, and I got back into the groove of classes and began working in my new group at CSAIL for my SuperUROP. I had in the back of my mind, a reminder to make the poster for my upcoming conference poster presentation related to the project, but I was mostly done, for now. A few lessons from this story: sometimes shit hits the fan. Sometimes shit really hits the fan and it’s kind of unavoidable, but you have to learn to stay calm and adjust. Lots of things at MIT work out like this â€" people figure out majors aren’t right for them a year in; you have four exams in four days and crawl into S^3 on three hours of sleep; maybe you get pneumonia and have to drop some classes. But the thing about this place is that we’re always learning to be flexible and to keep moving forward (in whichever direction that may be), no matter what the circumstances. Also back up your computer. That’s also a really big lesson. Lastly, after all that, there are few things better in this life than knowing a project you worked your ass off on for nearly two years and gone through four weeks of sheer chaos has finally come to fruition â€" just presented a poster on it and yes, the paper was accepted :D [1] We submitted the paper written about our results and experiments from my UROP to a peer-reviewed journal, which is a collection of a lot of scientific experiments and results and discussion from a variety of fields. [2] Peer reviewers are usually scientists within your field of study that can comment and criticize the work you submitted. They send back a round of comments that you should address when resubmitting to the journal. [3] What ultimately was wrong with my computer was a broken heat sink and a virus that was affecting my computer’s bootup (basically hogging all the CPU such that my computer would overheat all the time on startup). [4] Ssh means to remotely access a computer (so you can access another computer’s files from your own computer)

The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And...

The purpose of this quantitative correlation study is to examine the degree and extent of a relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership style that differentiate effective leaders. A brief review of the literature was conducted using the following resources, Northcentral University Library (NCU Roadrunner), Google Scholar, Galileo, and ProQuest. Several searches included peer-reviewed publications and academic journals such as the International Journal of Business Management, Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Review of International Comparative Management. In addition, The Leadership Quarterly, Journal of Managerial Sciences, Journal of Soft Skills, Business and Social Sciences,†¦show more content†¦Table 2 Summary of Reviewed and Cited Sources by Type Source Type Peer Reviewed Articles Articles Other Sources Dissertations Books Total Reviewed for the study 221 6 3 13 284 Cited sources in the study 60 4 0 6 70 Table 3 displays the cited sources by publication date. The majority or 40% of the cited sources used were published in the last three years. Also, 54% of the cited sources were published between 2001 and 2013. Table 3 Cited Sources by Publication Date Publication Date 2014 - 2016 2001 - 2013 2000 - 1998 1970 - 1997 Total Cited Sources 28 38 2 2 70 Leadership Lopez-Zafra, Garcia-Retamero, and Martos (2012) undertook a qualitative study to investigate the relationship between gender, leadership style, and emotional intelligence. The researchers randomly selected 431 undergraduates in their first or second year in three selected disciplines based on gender, 162 men and 269. Data collection involved a combined set of instruments that included the, Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), theShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership1232 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary articles to discuss the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. I will discuss the reasoning for the credibility of each source chosen for this paper, summarize interesting information provided by each article, discuss any findings related to the topic, and discuss how the topic will influence my future behaviors. Overview of Credible Sources Before I can start discussing the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership, I must explain why the three sourcesRead MoreOrganizational and Professional Development1519 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Social intelligence has been defined as the ability to understand and manage other people, and to engage in adaptive social interactions like making them to get along with you. Social intelligence entails a persons awareness to a situation and the social dynamics that accompany the situation and the knowledge of the strategies and interaction style, that, he/she can use to achieve the desired objective while dealing with others (Bob, 2008). Social intelligence has gained popularityRead MoreLeadership Theory And Its Impact On The Achievement Of A Vision788 Words   |  4 Pages Chapter 12 â€Å"Leadership† beings by defining leadership. They define it as the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. 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The study could offer a new dimension of leadership perception that is appropriateRead MoreLeadership Is An Effective Leader1315 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is the abil ity to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals. There are many different types of leadership, all with their own appropriate time and place for use. An effective leader can be successful in all settings; it is important to develop a well-rounded skill set to combat different leadership roadblocks. When one thinks of a leader in a business organization, most likely they are thinking of formal leader. Sometimes this type of leader is referred to asRead MoreLeadership Theory Essay1830 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership 1. Definition of leadership and how it differs from management. Leadership and management are two words that are commonly mistaken; the relation and the differences between them are often unclear. 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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE 1. Introduction Conflict is not something new to us. Every single day we might involve in the conflict. Conflict has occurred since the existence of human beings. Conflict occurred either in person or between other individuals. Conflict can happen when we faced negative situation with family, colleagues, supervisor, customers and others. The early approach of conflict assumed all conflict was negative and to be avoided. Conflict involves a situation where the community cares about their rights and partly felt it incompatible. It can be categorized into two categories, namely as cooperativeness where it is an attitude that tries to satisfy the other†¦show more content†¦All positive values will be reflected through the personality style 2 shown by the individual concerned. To enable an organization to resolve external conflicts, they need to identify the internal conflicts in advance. Internal conflict resolution can be done by putting the emphasis on emotional intelligence. Usually, people study against variables and measurement that are normally reachable from the past studies. For this assignment, the selected dependent variable is conflict management style whereby the dimensions are competition, collaboration, avoidance, reconciliation and compromise. (Thomas et al., 2008). While the independent variable is emotional intelligence, and the selected dimension is intrapersonal skills, interpersonal skills, stress management, adaptability and general mood (Dries and Pepermans, 2007). Independent Variable Dependent Variable Emotional Intelligence Conflict Management Intrapersonal skill Interpersonal skill Stress management Adaptability General mood Styles Figure 1.1: The Framework 2. Literature Review There are many previous studies have been conducted on the conflict management style as well as emotional intelligence but only a few who study the relationship between the two variables. To get a clearer understanding of the portrayal, the write-up will be touching both edges. It is done byShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Nursing Leadership1638 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Nursing Leadership Today, the emphasis on the word leadership leads us to believe that it is unattainable by the average person. We hear phrases such as leaders are born and not created that make us feel that leadership is only for the few. In some instances, this could be the case, but a form of leadership that can be learned by anyone is known as emotional intelligence. 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As the leadership style is integrated withRead MoreLearning About Human Behavior And Organizational Culture, Motivation, Managing Conflict, And Negotiation1242 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines ethical and moral? Is it one’s own cultural beliefs that dictate this or possibly the United States Constitution, the Holy Bible, and written laws? The topics I will focus on are organizational culture, team culture, motivation, managing conflict, and negotiations. These are a few key topics that stood out to me and I will utilize the knowledge gained in my future endeavors. It seems organizational culture is a key component when a person decides to start a business. As a business planRead MorePrimal Leadership : Unleashing The Power Of Emotional Intelligence1457 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The book â€Å"Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence† explores the role of emotional intelligence in leadership. 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Defining Moments in American History Essay - 1900 Words

American history has had many defining moments over the last five decades which has helped America to develop to the way it is today. Each decade holding many life changing events and discoveries in them it would take a long time to cover each and every one of these so I have chosen a major event that I find to be of great worth to Americans today. We can all learn from the past events and work together to make American a safer and better place to live, and one way to do so is by learning from the past. Starting in the 1950’s we will discuss the most life changing and breath taking moments from each decade that this great county has seen through the 90’s and discover why they are all of significant value to the America we all live in†¦show more content†¦Although African Americans continued to fight for equal rights into the 1960’s and in some parts of America are still fighting today. This movement was sparked in the 1950’s and stands as the most significant event of that time. The 1960’s with the Vietnam War Moving from the 1950’s to the 1960’s events changed from having problems at home to once again having problems abroad. I found the Vietnam War to be the most significant event of the 1960’s because it consumed upward to half the decade and even into the 1970’s. The Vietnam War stands as the United States longest military conflict in History. According to a website dedicated to the Vietnam War, â€Å"The hostilities in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia claimed the lives of more than 58,000 Americans. Another 304,000 were wounded.† (The Ultimate Resource for the Vietnam War. 2007). This war had a great impact on many Americans especially for the ones who fought in this war. I have an uncle that fought in the Vietnam War. He was one of the unfortunate soldiers in the jungles that got sprayed with Agent Orange. He has major disabilities and has not been able to work for many years. He still has frequent nightmares stemming from his experiences in the Wa r and his life is still hugely affected by his service many years ago. Richard M. Nixon stated in 1985 that, â€Å"No event inShow MoreRelatedDescribing Canada1135 Words   |  5 PagesCanada: The Defining Moments of a Nation A defining moment is the point at which, a situation is clearly seen to undergo a change. Canada, as a growing nation, has encountered many defining moments throughout its history. During the twentieth century women of Canada have undergone numerous moments that brought about significant changes for themselves. The most prominent moments, which brought about the most change and significance are: the persons case of 1928, the womens liberation movement throughoutRead MoreSports : Sports And Sports1092 Words   |  5 Pagesremember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans responded with their incredible stories (Sport in America: Our Defining Stories). The film shows personalRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 Pagesremember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans responded with their incredible stories (Sport in America: Our Defining Stories). The film shows personalRead MoreThe Specifics Of The 9 / 11843 Words   |  4 PagesThis report aims to provide details of a defining moment in history between 1901 and now. The defining moment in this report is the 9/11 attacks. The purpose of this report is to understand, the specifics of the 9/11, what happened on 9/11 and how it happened, the Primary factors that contributed to the outcome of 9/11 and lastly reasons why the 9/11 attack is considered a defining moment in intelligence history. The September 11 assaults (often referred to as 9/11) involved a series of four organisedRead More The Problem with Current American History School Books Essay615 Words   |  3 PagesTextbooks today should have more of what was in texts centuries ago. I feel Fitzgerald’s analysis on American history is correct; they don’t have nearly as much useful information as they did in the past. Children should know the importance of World War II, the Revolutionary War and why the Berlin wall came down. Children should have current events on what’s going on in American today, and know the importance and discuss the significance of each of them. There are so many acts of sacrificeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Little Rock Nine 1153 Words   |  5 PagesCentral High School is one of the first schools in American history to integrate black and white students. Nine students, known as â€Å"The Little Rock Nine,† were chosen to be the first black students to enter that high school. Elizabeth Eckford was one of the nine students who entered Central High School all alone on September 4th 1957. This day was a nightmare for Elizabeth. After being denied entry by the Arkansas National Guard and being harassed by a shouting crowd who were opposed to integrationRead MoreThe Master-Servant Dialectic of Hegel734 Words   |  3 Pagesyet the notion of slavery and mastery is dependent upon both of their existences. 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His career was threatened and he was on the verge of being named one of the great villains of American history simply because he refusedRead MoreThe Myth Of Abraham Lincoln1291 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln was a man of many talents that helped form the myths we know today and that most of those myths are well justified. With Lincoln being a man solidified into history and mythology, have the myths overshadowed the facts that truly made his life historically worthy or is it that within every myth lies an element of fact? The myths about Abraham Lincoln are ones of much debate leaving some to say that they accurately depict what Lincoln was and some see them as an embellishment of the truthRead MoreConsumerism in the United States1461 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary Defining consumerism can be complicated. Consumerism is a term used to describe the effects of equating personal happiness with purchasing material possessions and consumption (Fritsh). In other words, consumerism is the wants and needs of people based upon standards that are set in a given society and how those people acquire wealth. Throughout history, consumerism has evolved drastically since the first records of civilized society were recorded. The evolution of consumerism

Aid and Two Gap Model Free Essays

string(49) " boost the growth rate of the recipient country\." Aid and the Two Gap Model Aid is a burning issue these days. The question of countries accepting foreign aid has intrigued economists and the general public for a quite a while. Television discussions and newspaper articles have frequently focused on this issue while politicians try to fight this matter out in the parliaments. We will write a custom essay sample on Aid and Two Gap Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, many are trying to unravel the enigma of aid and its effects on growth. This paper, in the little word space provided, will try to establish a relation between aid and growth. It will do so by first defining aid and growth and then moving on to some of the important models which can be used to understand this link. We will discuss the two-gap model and then move on to the Solow and Harrod-Domar model, giving empirical examples in each case. Finally, we will analyze two countries and try to inspect the reasons for their different growth rates using the logic used in the discussed models. Aid can be defined as any voluntary transfer of resources. It can be either public (provided by donor countries or multilateral donor organization such as the IMF and The World Bank) or private (given by NGO’s. . The Organization for Economic Corporation and Development defines aid as any transfer of money or resource that fulfills the following criteria: a) The objective of the transfer should be noncommercial. b) It should be given for the purpose of economic development. c) The terms of the transfer should be concessional (interest rate should be less than the pre vailing interest rate in the market OR the maturity period should be longer than usual). Aid should not be mixed with grant which is often used interchangeably with this term. Aid is any transfer that has concessional terms while grant is a form of aid that does not require the repayment of the principal. In this paper, we will often measure aid in the from of official development assistance (ODA) which is a convenient indicator of international aid flow. On the other hand, we will measure growth by scrutinizing the percentage change in GDP. One of the most widely used framework for analyzing the effects of aid on growth is the two-gap model which holds a key position in policy decisions related to foreign assistance. The two gap model is based on the Harrod Domar equation g = s/v where s is savings rate v is capital output ratio Capital output ratio is assumed to be constant. The two gap model assumes that a developing country faces either a savings gap or a foreign exchange gap. The savings gap occurs when a country faces a shortage of savings to match Investment in attaining an intended growth rate. In such a case, foreign borrowing or aid can supplement the savings and help bridge the gap between savings and investment. This allows a country to achieve the targeted growth rate. Ft lt; I – S (Savings gap) A foreign exchange gap takes place when a country’s exports are not enough to finance its imports. In such situations, aid is handy as it fills the foreign exchange gap and provides countries with sufficient exchange to reach the required level of imports. At a given point in time, only one of the two gaps is binding. Ft lt; M – X (Foreign Exchange gap) Following this further, we fit empirical data into this model. Zambia is a developing country that has continuously received aid since the mid 1960’s. In 1992, almost 80% of Zambia’s investment was financed by foreign aid. Since, Zambia has received aid over such a long period, the two gap model predicted that its per capita GDP would reach $2300 by the turn of the century. On the contrary, its GDP per capita in 2007 remained merely half of what was expected . i. e. $1300. The fig. below summarizes the analysis of the Zambian economy. To examine whether the Zambian case is an exception or does the model always fail to predict the reality, we scrutinize on various factors which could have blocked the path of growth for this country. Zambia has been infected by violence and instability right from its independence, with bloodshed and massacres a common feature. In addition, economic growth has been hindered by the outbreak of civil war and influx of refugees from the neighboring countries. Corruption is another problem that has stalled growth which can be seen from the fact that Zambia is ranked 101 on the corruption perception index. Very recently, Sweden and Netherlands stopped aid to Zambia due to rampant corruption allegations. All these problems add to the ineffectiveness of aid on the growth of Zambian economy which can explain why the two-gap model failed to forecast the ineptness of aid. The effect of aid on growth can also be explained using two basic but important models, namely Harrod Domar model and the Solow model. Although the upshot of aid on growth is a multidimensional and complex process we only take into account the effect of aid on variables defined in these two models. The main focus of our discussion will be the saving rate which comes out to be the most imperative variable in both these models. We start through the basic Harrod Domar model. Capital output ratio, capital labor ratio and labor output ratio are assumed to be constant. Some of the important relations are as follows: S=s. Y (2) (3) (1) g= (s/v)-(? ) S=I Where: Y is income S is total saving I is Investment ? is depreciation of capital According to this model, growth can be increased by increasing s, decreasing v or decreasing ?. We shall mainly focus on the relation of aid on growth through the savings rate channel. Countries ask for aid mainly due to its perceived beneficial effect on the savings rate. As shown, saving equals investment in the Harrod-Domar model, subsequently an increase in savings will result in an increase in investment. This increase is supposed to boost the growth rate of the recipient country. You read "Aid and Two Gap Model" in category "Papers" Michael P. Shields offer an interesting explanation of the relation of foreign aid on growth in his paper â€Å"foreign aid and domestic savings: the crowding out effect†. If foreign aid is expected to increase savings, then equation (3) becomes g=(s+fa)/v -? Where fa is foreign aid as a proportion of income (4) (s+fa) represents the total funds available for backing investment. According to this equation, an increase in foreign aid is supposed to increase the total saving funds and hence investment by an equal amount. This suggests that an each additional dollar of foreign aid should result in a one dollar increase in investment in the economy of the recipient country. Reality however is not that perfect and it is too generous for anyone to assume such a one-to-one increase in investment from aid. Famous economist Edward Griffin offers a criticism of such approach. According to him foreign aid should be taken so as to supplement income rather than having a direct impact on savings. In such a case, an increase in income by the amount of foreign aid fa would increase consumption by (1-s). a, thus increasing the investment by s. fa. In such a case, domestic savings can be crowded out by foreign aid by the net amount –(1-s)fa which equals (s-1)fa. Markedly, foreign aid can crowd out private savings and investment, resulting in a decrease in growth as suggested by the Harrod Domar model. The main obstacle in the way of growth in the Harrod-Domar model is the phenomenon of aid filtering out into increased consumption (1-s). fa. Aid has to be spent on investment or has to increase the saving rate (both eventually come out to be the same) for a country to grow. To see a practical example of this, we consider Pakistan, which is a country largely dependent on foreign aid. During the period 1952-2002, the total amount of aid given to Pakistan equaled 63703 million US dollars. Ghulam Mohey-ud-din examines in his paper â€Å"Impact of foreign aid on economic development in Pakistan†, the reasons for aid not resulting in the required growth for Pakistan. He states three main reasons for the failure of aid to account for growth. First of all, a staggering 58% of this total aid (approx. 6945 million US dollars) was tied to development of large projects while only 13% (approx 8281 million US dollars) accounted for non-food and BOP aid. Such a large portion of aid (58%) going towards consumption invariably meant that the effect on savings was going to be very minute. Thus, financial aid tended to crowd out saving and investment. Secondly, while the nominal aid gradually increased, in reality, aid as a percentage of gross national income fell f rom approximately 7. 6% in 1960 to nearly 3% in 2002. This meant that aid was not catching up to the required increase in the GNI of Pakistan. Thirdly, along with the increase in aid came the burden of burgeoning foreign debt. This required huge amounts of debt servicing which reduced Pakistan’s current account. As previously explained, aid was already not resulting in much growth due to it crowding out savings and investment. An additional burden of debt servicing did the government no better. Accordingly, its GDP growth rate was subject to constant fluctuations and Pakistan could never attain sustainable growth. The growth rate reached a peak of 10. 22% in 1953 but since then, the average growth has gone down with the exception of one or two years. In 2002, the GDP growth rate stood at 4. 73%. Aid during a whole half of a century could not result in sustained economic growth. Another approach that looks at the impact of foreign aid on growth is the poverty trap. Many poor developing countries face an inability to grow at reasonable rates due to getting stuck in a poverty trap, which can be defined as a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. We use the Solow model to analyze how aid can be used to pull countries out of this poverty trap and onto the path of self-sustaining economic growth. We assume the basic assumptions of Solow model to be true. Thus, we assume constant returns to scale production function and diminishing returns to capital. The final and important relation of the Solow model is ? k=s. y-(n+? ). k (5) k is capital per worker n is population growth Philipp Harms and Matthiaz Lutz depart from this conventional Solow model by assuming that people have to satisfy their basic consumption needs for which savings are zero until per capita income does not exceed a certain level. The modified Solow diagram is shown below Two steady states are shown in the above figure. k* is an unstable steady state while k** is a stable steady state. If the country’s initial capital per worker is below the unstable steady state k*, then the country is stuck in a potentially dangerous poverty trap. Low income levels result in low saving which leads to lower investment in capital stock. Increasing depreciation ? of capital will further lower the capital per worker k and result in even lower income. This vicious cycle of poverty and lack of growth will keep re-enforcing each other unless the country is given a push start. This push can be in the form of aid, which may impact the savings rate s as discussed in the extended Harrod Domar model. Furthermore, aid in the form of foreign capital inflow can also increase capital per worker, consequently pushing the country out the poverty trap. Now we come to the analysis of growth patterns in two Arab countries namely Egypt and Palestine. We will explore the amounts and type of aid given to these countries and then investigate their underlying effects on various growth variables based on the Solow and Harrod Domar models discussed earlier in the paper. With this in mind, we turn to the empirical evidences which show that: 1. ODA/GNI ratio for Palestine has increased during the period 2000-2005, while that of Egypt has decreased during the same period. 2. ODA/Capita for Palestine has increased to $500 during the period 2000-2005, while ODA/Capita for Egypt has come down to $15 in 2003 from $179 in 1979. 3. In Egypt, 13% of the total aid was tied whereas in Palestine 8% was tied. 4. Technical aid provided to Egypt was 44% while that of Palestine was 16% of total aid during the period 2000-2004. 5. In Egypt, education was given the highest priority among the aid allocated to the social sector. While in Palestine, Education was the second lowest recipient of aid allocated to the social sector. 6. In Palestine, growth rate of real GDP from 2003-2005 was 35. 50%, while the percentage change in real GDP for Egypt was 127. 46 for the same period. ODA/GNI ratio signifies the dependency of the recipient country on the donor for foreign aid. A large increase in the ODA/GNI ratio of Palestine meant that it was becoming more and more dependent on foreign aid for support, while the opposite was true for Egypt. Consequently, Palestinian institutions kept weakening and were not given the incentive to develop due to their heavy reliance on outward help. On the other hand, Egypt’s lower dependency on foreign aid meant that it was getting increased opportunities to develop its institutions and stand up on its own feet. As the ODA/capita of Palestine increased to alarming heights, it signaled the reliance of Palestine on foreign donations. This could have created a moral hazard problem for the rulers of Palestine who knew that growth would result in drawing back of aid. In such a scenario, the incentive to grow could have actually vanished. Conditional or tied aid has great disadvantages because the recipient government cannot spend the aid on their desired projects. Moreover, tied aid has to be spent on specific and predetermines projects. As discussed earlier in the paper, if foreign aid is diverted to such consumption, it has the tendency to crowd out investment and savings. Although Egypt had a greater share of tied aid than Palestine, however the small size and weak economy of Palestine meant that even 8% of tied aid had a profound effect on its growth. Egypt was provided more technical aid than Palestine. Technical aid in turns translates into higher Theta in the extended Solow model. An important relation of this model is ?ke= s. ye-(n+? +theta) k Therefore higher technical aid for Egypt resulted in higher effective capital per labor and in turn higher growth than Palestine. The allocation of higher portion of aid to education by Egypt as compared to Palestine means that Egypt is contributing more to its human capital. This will in turn again stimulate theta in the extended Solow model, resulting in increase growth rate of Egypt. In the light of above discussion, it can be said that the effect of aid on growth does not only depend on variables explained in the models above. Many other factors play a vital role in this link as well. As seen in the case of Zambia, the macroeconomic and political stability are pre-requisites which feed into this complex relation as well. The aid distribution plan should be effective and free of corruption of all sorts for it to have an impact on growth. A major chunk of aid should be distributed towards the saving and investment channel. While our analysis has tried to determine a link between aid and development, it still carries some shortcomings. The assumptions used in the models such as a fixed capital output ratio are too stringent and do not carry much weight in the reality. Some variables such as savings rate s and productivity theta are determined exogenously, while the macro/microeconomic conditions determining these variables could also affect the impact of aid on growth. Nonetheless, the analysis provides useful insight into the complex relation of aid and growth. Economicgrowth, Capitalaccumulation, Macroeconomics, Grossdomesticproduct, Investment, Economicdevelopment, Stockandflow, EconomicsAid and the Two Gap Model Aid is a burning issue these days. The question of countries accepting foreign aid has intrigued economists and the general public for a quite a while. Television discussions and newspaper articles have frequently focused on this issue while politicians try to fight this matter out in the parliaments. Furthermore, many are trying to unravel the enigma of aid and its effects on growth. This paper, in the little word space provided, will try to establish a relation between aid and growth. It will do so by first defining aid and growth and then moving on to some of the important models which can be used to understand this link. We will discuss the two-gap model and then move on to the Solow and Harrod-Domar model, giving empirical examples in each case. Finally, we will analyze two countries and try to inspect the reasons for their different growth rates using the logic used in the discussed models. Aid can be defined as any voluntary transfer of resources. It can be either public (provided by donor countries or multilateral donor organization such as the IMF and The World Bank) or private (given by NGO’s. . The Organization for Economic Corporation and Development defines aid as any transfer of money or resource that fulfills the following criteria: a) The objective of the transfer should be noncommercial. b) It should be given for the purpose of economic development. c) The terms of the transfer should be concessional (interest rate should be less than the pre vailing interest rate in the market OR the maturity period should be longer than usual). Aid should not be mixed with grant which is often used interchangeably with this term. Aid is any transfer that has concessional terms while grant is a form of aid that does not require the repayment of the principal. In this paper, we will often measure aid in the from of official development assistance (ODA) which is a convenient indicator of international aid flow. On the other hand, we will measure growth by scrutinizing the percentage change in GDP. One of the most widely used framework for analyzing the effects of aid on growth is the two-gap model which holds a key position in policy decisions related to foreign assistance. The two gap model is based on the Harrod Domar equation g = s/v where s is savings rate v is capital output ratio Capital output ratio is assumed to be constant. The two gap model assumes that a developing country faces either a savings gap or a foreign exchange gap. The savings gap occurs when a country faces a shortage of savings to match Investment in attaining an intended growth rate. In such a case, foreign borrowing or aid can supplement the savings and help bridge the gap between savings and investment. This allows a country to achieve the targeted growth rate. Ft lt; I – S (Savings gap) A foreign exchange gap takes place when a country’s exports are not enough to finance its imports. In such situations, aid is handy as it fills the foreign exchange gap and provides countries with sufficient exchange to reach the required level of imports. At a given point in time, only one of the two gaps is binding. Ft lt; M – X (Foreign Exchange gap) Following this further, we fit empirical data into this model. Zambia is a developing country that has continuously received aid since the mid 1960’s. In 1992, almost 80% of Zambia’s investment was financed by foreign aid. Since, Zambia has received aid over such a long period, the two gap model predicted that its per capita GDP would reach $2300 by the turn of the century. On the contrary, its GDP per capita in 2007 remained merely half of what was expected . i. e. $1300. The fig. below summarizes the analysis of the Zambian economy. To examine whether the Zambian case is an exception or does the model always fail to predict the reality, we scrutinize on various factors which could have blocked the path of growth for this country. Zambia has been infected by violence and instability right from its independence, with bloodshed and massacres a common feature. In addition, economic growth has been hindered by the outbreak of civil war and influx of refugees from the neighboring countries. Corruption is another problem that has stalled growth which can be seen from the fact that Zambia is ranked 101 on the corruption perception index. Very recently, Sweden and Netherlands stopped aid to Zambia due to rampant corruption allegations. All these problems add to the ineffectiveness of aid on the growth of Zambian economy which can explain why the two-gap model failed to forecast the ineptness of aid. The effect of aid on growth can also be explained using two basic but important models, namely Harrod Domar model and the Solow model. Although the upshot of aid on growth is a multidimensional and complex process we only take into account the effect of aid on variables defined in these two models. The main focus of our discussion will be the saving rate which comes out to be the most imperative variable in both these models. We start through the basic Harrod Domar model. Capital output ratio, capital labor ratio and labor output ratio are assumed to be constant. Some of the important relations are as follows: S=s. Y (2) (3) (1) g= (s/v)-(? ) S=I Where: Y is income S is total saving I is Investment ? is depreciation of capital According to this model, growth can be increased by increasing s, decreasing v or decreasing ?. We shall mainly focus on the relation of aid on growth through the savings rate channel. Countries ask for aid mainly due to its perceived beneficial effect on the savings rate. As shown, saving equals investment in the Harrod-Domar model, subsequently an increase in savings will result in an increase in investment. This increase is supposed to boost the growth rate of the recipient country. Michael P. Shields offer an interesting explanation of the relation of foreign aid on growth in his paper â€Å"foreign aid and domestic savings: the crowding out effect†. If foreign aid is expected to increase savings, then equation (3) becomes g=(s+fa)/v -? Where fa is foreign aid as a proportion of income (4) (s+fa) represents the total funds available for backing investment. According to this equation, an increase in foreign aid is supposed to increase the total saving funds and hence investment by an equal amount. This suggests that an each additional dollar of foreign aid should result in a one dollar increase in investment in the economy of the recipient country. Reality however is not that perfect and it is too generous for anyone to assume such a one-to-one increase in investment from aid. Famous economist Edward Griffin offers a criticism of such approach. According to him foreign aid should be taken so as to supplement income rather than having a direct impact on savings. In such a case, an increase in income by the amount of foreign aid fa would increase consumption by (1-s). a, thus increasing the investment by s. fa. In such a case, domestic savings can be crowded out by foreign aid by the net amount –(1-s)fa which equals (s-1)fa. Markedly, foreign aid can crowd out private savings and investment, resulting in a decrease in growth as suggested by the Harrod Domar model. The main obstacle in the way of growth in the Harrod-Domar model is the phenomenon of aid filtering out into increased consumption (1-s). fa. Aid has to be spent on investment or has to increase the saving rate (both eventually come out to be the same) for a country to grow. To see a practical example of this, we consider Pakistan, which is a country largely dependent on foreign aid. During the period 1952-2002, the total amount of aid given to Pakistan equaled 63703 million US dollars. Ghulam Mohey-ud-din examines in his paper â€Å"Impact of foreign aid on economic development in Pakistan†, the reasons for aid not resulting in the required growth for Pakistan. He states three main reasons for the failure of aid to account for growth. First of all, a staggering 58% of this total aid (approx. 6945 million US dollars) was tied to development of large projects while only 13% (approx 8281 million US dollars) accounted for non-food and BOP aid. Such a large portion of aid (58%) going towards consumption invariably meant that the effect on savings was going to be very minute. Thus, financial aid tended to crowd out saving and investment. Secondly, while the nominal aid gradually increased, in reality, aid as a percentage of gross national income fell f rom approximately 7. 6% in 1960 to nearly 3% in 2002. This meant that aid was not catching up to the required increase in the GNI of Pakistan. Thirdly, along with the increase in aid came the burden of burgeoning foreign debt. This required huge amounts of debt servicing which reduced Pakistan’s current account. As previously explained, aid was already not resulting in much growth due to it crowding out savings and investment. An additional burden of debt servicing did the government no better. Accordingly, its GDP growth rate was subject to constant fluctuations and Pakistan could never attain sustainable growth. The growth rate reached a peak of 10. 22% in 1953 but since then, the average growth has gone down with the exception of one or two years. In 2002, the GDP growth rate stood at 4. 73%. Aid during a whole half of a century could not result in sustained economic growth. Another approach that looks at the impact of foreign aid on growth is the poverty trap. Many poor developing countries face an inability to grow at reasonable rates due to getting stuck in a poverty trap, which can be defined as a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. We use the Solow model to analyze how aid can be used to pull countries out of this poverty trap and onto the path of self-sustaining economic growth. We assume the basic assumptions of Solow model to be true. Thus, we assume constant returns to scale production function and diminishing returns to capital. The final and important relation of the Solow model is ? k=s. y-(n+? ). k (5) k is capital per worker n is population growth Philipp Harms and Matthiaz Lutz depart from this conventional Solow model by assuming that people have to satisfy their basic consumption needs for which savings are zero until per capita income does not exceed a certain level. The modified Solow diagram is shown below Two steady states are shown in the above figure. k* is an unstable steady state while k** is a stable steady state. If the country’s initial capital per worker is below the unstable steady state k*, then the country is stuck in a potentially dangerous poverty trap. Low income levels result in low saving which leads to lower investment in capital stock. Increasing depreciation ? of capital will further lower the capital per worker k and result in even lower income. This vicious cycle of poverty and lack of growth will keep re-enforcing each other unless the country is given a push start. This push can be in the form of aid, which may impact the savings rate s as discussed in the extended Harrod Domar model. Furthermore, aid in the form of foreign capital inflow can also increase capital per worker, consequently pushing the country out the poverty trap. Now we come to the analysis of growth patterns in two Arab countries namely Egypt and Palestine. We will explore the amounts and type of aid given to these countries and then investigate their underlying effects on various growth variables based on the Solow and Harrod Domar models discussed earlier in the paper. With this in mind, we turn to the empirical evidences which show that: 1. ODA/GNI ratio for Palestine has increased during the period 2000-2005, while that of Egypt has decreased during the same period. 2. ODA/Capita for Palestine has increased to $500 during the period 2000-2005, while ODA/Capita for Egypt has come down to $15 in 2003 from $179 in 1979. 3. In Egypt, 13% of the total aid was tied whereas in Palestine 8% was tied. 4. Technical aid provided to Egypt was 44% while that of Palestine was 16% of total aid during the period 2000-2004. 5. In Egypt, education was given the highest priority among the aid allocated to the social sector. While in Palestine, Education was the second lowest recipient of aid allocated to the social sector. 6. In Palestine, growth rate of real GDP from 2003-2005 was 35. 50%, while the percentage change in real GDP for Egypt was 127. 46 for the same period. ODA/GNI ratio signifies the dependency of the recipient country on the donor for foreign aid. A large increase in the ODA/GNI ratio of Palestine meant that it was becoming more and more dependent on foreign aid for support, while the opposite was true for Egypt. Consequently, Palestinian institutions kept weakening and were not given the incentive to develop due to their heavy reliance on outward help. On the other hand, Egypt’s lower dependency on foreign aid meant that it was getting increased opportunities to develop its institutions and stand up on its own feet. As the ODA/capita of Palestine increased to alarming heights, it signaled the reliance of Palestine on foreign donations. This could have created a moral hazard problem for the rulers of Palestine who knew that growth would result in drawing back of aid. In such a scenario, the incentive to grow could have actually vanished. Conditional or tied aid has great disadvantages because the recipient government cannot spend the aid on their desired projects. Moreover, tied aid has to be spent on specific and predetermines projects. As discussed earlier in the paper, if foreign aid is diverted to such consumption, it has the tendency to crowd out investment and savings. Although Egypt had a greater share of tied aid than Palestine, however the small size and weak economy of Palestine meant that even 8% of tied aid had a profound effect on its growth. Egypt was provided more technical aid than Palestine. Technical aid in turns translates into higher Theta in the extended Solow model. An important relation of this model is ?ke= s. ye-(n+? +theta) k Therefore higher technical aid for Egypt resulted in higher effective capital per labor and in turn higher growth than Palestine. The allocation of higher portion of aid to education by Egypt as compared to Palestine means that Egypt is contributing more to its human capital. This will in turn again stimulate theta in the extended Solow model, resulting in increase growth rate of Egypt. In the light of above discussion, it can be said that the effect of aid on growth does not only depend on variables explained in the models above. Many other factors play a vital role in this link as well. As seen in the case of Zambia, the macroeconomic and political stability are pre-requisites which feed into this complex relation as well. The aid distribution plan should be effective and free of corruption of all sorts for it to have an impact on growth. A major chunk of aid should be distributed towards the saving and investment channel. While our analysis has tried to determine a link between aid and development, it still carries some shortcomings. The assumptions used in the models such as a fixed capital output ratio are too stringent and do not carry much weight in the reality. Some variables such as savings rate s and productivity theta are determined exogenously, while the macro/microeconomic conditions determining these variables could also affect the impact of aid on growth. Nonetheless, the analysis provides useful insight into the complex relation of aid and growth. How to cite Aid and Two Gap Model, Papers

The Juggler by Richard Wilbur Poem Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Juggler by Richard Wilbur Poem Analysis Essay Richard Wilburs creation Juggler presents the reader with number of images making this a very vivid poem. On the literal level, by using devices such as movement, shape, sound and color the reader can picture the jugglers amazing performance. For example, Wilbur suggests positive responses from the audiences on the jugglers performance. The boy stamp and the girls Shriek, and the drum booms On the other hand, this poem can also be read on the symbolic level, the jugglers performance can be understood as the cycle of our life. When the juggler graze his finger ends the ball will bounce higher and higher, however eventually it will slow down and down, Wilbur reminds us that we can only won for once over the worlds weight ,but not forever soon or later the ball will fall down again. The poet is trying to leave us a message that both happiness and sadness are inevitable in our life. We will write a custom essay on The Juggler by Richard Wilbur Poem Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, Wilbur is also trying to give us a sense of hope because in juggling involves swinging a small heaven about his ears. From subjective point of view as a Christian, such description helps Wilbur to convey to the reader that we do not need to worry in facing problems in our life, because we know that the Juggler, (which I refer to God), always lifts us again and we do not need to worry about what will happen after the ball falls down. Using the sense of movement, the first image we are presented with is that of a bouncing ball falling to the Earth. In line one, the first heavy feeling comes in the phrase A ball will bounce, but less and less This image of movement is carried through the five stanzas, with dictions such as bounce, falling. In addition to this image, we are also presented with a range of light color and dark colors such as red balls against sky blue background. This effect causes the reader visualize the spectacular performance of the juggler. In addition this also enables the reader to picture the five red balls circling in the air, against the bright blue background. Another complementary device that helps to increase the depth of this image is that we are told of the various shapes and sounds that accompany the act of juggling. For example, the juggler quickly and lightly holds the balls which graze his finger tips, each ball spinning in it own orbit. The analogy made here is that each of five red balls could be a separate unit, a separate world spinning in our own world. The poem produces an effect of a sense of our galaxy, as each planet is rotating at its own orbit to our centre of the galaxy. The use of sound is also very effective in this poem. The poet presents a type of rhythm that reflects the spinning balls, for example words such as whee, batter, booms forces the reader to listen and pay attention to the sound and the action that the juggler performed. By seeing the steady pace of this poem, (such as in line 10 and 11) Grazing his finger ends, Cling to their course there. The style of writing of this poem is third person limited focuses on the cognitive. By cognitive, it means Wilbur seems very unemotional in writing this poem as he mainly concentrates on reporting the event as they happened. In line 22, The boy stamp, and the girls Shriek here we can see although Wilbur is giving us a very descriptive and spectacular performance, he never expresses his feeling. .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .postImageUrl , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:hover , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:visited , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:active { border:0!important; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:active , .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34 .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61cd006cb38d1e70819f208938064e34:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Try to show clearly the steps whereby Olivia; a veiled lady in mourning falls in love so quickly EssayIt appears that this poem is very descriptive as Wilbur documented what the Juggler and the people do. In addition, by looking at the steady rhythm of this poem, it also appears that the juggler acts keeps each ball in perfect timing so to does Wilbur present this poem, using diction such as falls/balls, air/there, spheres/ears, cries/bye. By maintaining an even tempo, the poet reminds us that without the steady pace and perfect timing the Juggler would not be able to perform this spectacular performance. Moving on to fourth and the fifth stanza, the juggler moves on to a more difficult performance such as table which the juggler spins on his toe, a broom balancing on his nose with the plate turning on the broom handle. Juxtapose against this is the stable image of children watching this act calling out he excitement batter. The final stanza presents an image of slowness, as the Juggler puts the broom away, lets the table drop and the plate is lies flat on the table. Still the children continue to applaud; the jugglers achievement in defying gravity to give these items their own mobility till the end the poem says in the last line, who has won for once over the worlds weight. A number of these images are presented in the contrast to each other. On one hand we have the juggler standing stationary, on the other hand is the spinning of the balls. The poet makes a comparison at here, between the image of heaven and earth of weight and weightlessness. The red balls are liken to the world each whirling around, each in it own sphere. Another contrast is made between the jugglers energy at the beginning of his performance and how he slows down, becoming tired. The analogy made her is between the juggler and the balls. As this spinning gradually slow down and stop so to his ability to keep the entire ball in the air. In, conclusion the reader can see by using devices such as movement, shape, sound, color, the poet has created a lively performance. In addition to this by reading this poem, Wilbur is trying to bring us a sense of optimism. In the last two lines For him we batter our hands, Who has won for once over the worlds weight, the poet appears to convey us a that despite we are living in this heavy and difficult world, there is the moment we can enjoy ourselves.